A Writer’s Worst Writing Experience

When a sales man cannot sell anything, when a basketball player cannot shoot hoops or when a painter cannot paint, the worst experience that any professional can have in the performance of his or her work is the inability to execute the same, which practically defeats the very essence of the profession. In the same token, a writer’s worst experience is the incapacity to write when the writer has nothing to write about. This occurs basically for two reasons: First is when the topic to be written about has no resource and second, when the writer especially creative writers, has no source of inspiration or objective to write about. Writers conduct extensive research for the papers that they prepare. Whether a review of related literature or previous studies conducted on the topic of interest or an interpretation of an empirical observation or a summary of qualitative interview or statistical data, written documents must always have a basis whether from authoritative references or simple scientific observation. This is especially important for written documents that proposes an idea or urges its audience into action such as all forms of academic papers, advertisements or propaganda. In our modern world, the primary approach used in generating ideas is the scientific method of observable investigation and experimentation in generating conclusions. (Payne, G. and Payne, J. , 2004). In philosophy however, two major schools of thought basically delineate Epistemology or the study of human knowledge. Aside from the empirical approach that posits that perception is the prime source of knowledge on which is based the scientific approach, there is rationalism. Rationalism is principally founded on the Platonic philosophy that adhered that the mind or soul is ultimately the human faculty that interacts with the real world of abstract concepts from which is derived tangible particulars i. e. the factual world via the deductive process. (Engel, S. , 2001). This intangible reality is beyond our perception and can be attained through contemplation and reason. Following this idea, writers can also write original topics or ideas by reflection. Whilst in a derogatory sense, writers can actually generate ideas by philosophizing in a vacuum. Pragmatists however added that such philosophical writing must have practical purpose. Descartes’ Skeptical approach used doubting as the process of inquiry that allows a person to obtain relative certainty. The process of contemplation and reflection brings us to the next chief reason for having nothing to write about which is the lack of inspiration. Contemplation and reflection is difficult if not impossible if writers lack inspiration or objective. In the case of Descartes, his objective to prove the logical intuition of one’s existence and certification of one’s consciousness through self experience served as his inspiration. It is not a simple rational inquiry but is focused on discovery of the foundation of knowledge. For creative writers, the source of inspiration can be about anything i. e. a person, object, experience or a simple thought. This results to written forms of art such as poetry, stories or other written expressions of emotions and thoughts. However unlike other forms of art like painting or sculpture, writing as an art must always be geared to communicate ideas/ notions and express emotions. Hardly are there written forms of art that is for pure aesthetics or is created for its own sake. This is because writing is the textual representation of communication in which ideas are at its core. Without idea or message, there is no communication. In writing, this idea is tantamount to the topic. Without the topic, there is no writing. Thus, having no reference, source of such topic or the lack of inspiration to source that topic is the worst experience that a writer can ever have.

Lindbergh Kidnapping research paper Essay

The trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann in 1935 and the Lindbergh kidnapping was known by many as â€Å"the crime of the century†. Though many are still doubting whether or not Hauptmann actually committed the crime, there is much evidence pointing toward him that proves he was guilty. In examining the evidence presented, there was a great variety of it. It included handwritten evidence, witnesses, the ladder used to get into the baby’s window, and the ransom money found hidden in his home. Many experts who testified clearly identified Hauptmann’s handwriting while witnesses saw him on the Lindbergh estate lingering in his vehicle the day of the crime. In light of the specific type of ransom money that was discovered in his home, Hauptmann’s guilt was confirmed. The presented factors were overwhelming in proving his guilt. Bruno Hauptmann was guilty of the Lindbergh baby kidnapping and murder and should have been executed. Hauptmann had a long history of lawbreaking and violence throughout his teenage years. When he was a teenager, Hauptmann served as a machine gunman on the western front for the German army. During his time served, he lost two of his brothers, who died in battle. Hauptmann also lacked in much of his education. He only attended eight years of school and two years of secondary school for machinery and carpentry. After he was released from the army, he had no choice but to turn to a life of crime. Due to the crashing economy in Germany after the war, unemployment was extremely high, and with little education, Hauptmann needed a way to survive (â€Å"Bruno Richard Hauptmann Biography†). Hauptmann was convicted numerous times in Germany, and after many years of theft, arrests, and jail time, he was sent to prison. Surprisingly, he managed to escape incarceration. Hauptmann’s next step was to try and illegally enter the United States. Two times he failed and was sent to back t o Germany until November of 1923, when he successfully smuggled himself into the United States. During October of 1925, Hauptmann married a German immigrant, Anna Schoeffler, and successfully attempted to live a normal life with her. That was until Hauptmann committed the grisly crime of kidnapping and murdering Charles Lindbergh Jr, a toddler of only 20 months old (â€Å"Bruno Richard Hauptmann Biography†). There was an exorbitant amount of evidence presented to the jury during Hauptmann’s trial. Among the evidence was that of a ransom note left on the windowsill of the Lindbergh  baby’s window. The note read â€Å"Dear Sir! Have 50000$ redy 25000$ in 20$ bills 15000$ in 10$ bills and 10000$ in 5$ bills After 2-4 days we will inform you were to deliver the Mony. We warn you for making anyding public or for notify the Police The child is in gut care. Indication for all letters are singnature and three holes† (â€Å"Letters of Note: The Child Is in Gut Care†). Experts compared the handwriting on the note to that of Hauptmann’s, and it was relatively an identical match. Many of the letters were written the same, for example in the note, the perpetrator curled his at the end â€Å"y†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s, and Hauptmann proved to do the same (Linder). Although there was one expert who testified on Hauptmann’s behalf, his explanation was basically thrown away by the jury because it was outrageous (â€Å"The Evidence Against Hauptmann†). Another crucial piece of evidence found was the ladder Hauptmann used to get himself into Lindbergh’s window. He left the ladder at the crime scene and it was inspected by the crime scene investigators. It was said to be manufactured by the same wood that is used at a lumber yard near Hauptmann’s home. It was constructed at home and made to easily fold into three parts so that it could be transported in a tight space. Hauptmann used this to get into the nursery on the second floor of the Lindbergh home. When investigators looked around Hauptmann’s neighborhood, they discovered a lumber yard and compared the wood used in the ladder and discovered a match. Also, the wood from his attic was used to construct the ladder. Although the defense testified at the trial that the ladder had been soiled and should not be used as a real incriminating piece of evidence, it was still largely considered in the jury’s decision of making a verdict (â€Å"The Evidence Again st Hauptmann†). Hauptmann could not be placed with the child, or committing the heinous crime, but many people witnessed him around the Lindbergh residence a few days before the kidnapping, and even in his vehicle the day of the crime. Doctor John Condon, the man who delivered the ransom money to Hauptmann for the Lindberghs, testified that Hauptmann was definitely the man who was at the meeting spot to pick up the ransom money. There were many witnesses for everything that Hauptmann did previous the crime; he was identified cashing in the gold notes and following the ransom negotiator. However all witnesses except Doctor John Condon refused to identify  Hauptmann for the court. The only witness who testified was Condon (â€Å"The Evidence Against Hauptmann†). In order to hopefully capture the criminal of the crime, the Lindbergh’s paid the murder not in money, but in gold notes. Gold notes were unsuccessful in American banking and were discontinued after 1933. They were very easy to track and very obvious when used. All banks in America had a list of the serial numbers of the gold notes, and once the ransom money was paid, police tracked them for two years. Most of them were used and cashed in the New York area, where Hauptmann lived. The gold notes were used against Hauptmann as evidence when he cashed one in at a gas station and when police found them in his home. A man who worked at a gas station had had his suspicions about Hauptmann and written down his license plate number on the actual gold note and turned it into the police. Upon being turned in, the police tracked the license plate and found it belonged to Hauptmann. The next day, he was arrested and his house was searched. Investigators found $14,000 in his garage and it was discovered to be the ransom money that Condon delivered. (â€Å"The Evidence Against Hauptmann†). The remains of the victim, Charles Lindbergh Jr, were found near his home on May 12, 1932. When detectives further investigated the child’s remains, they discovered that he was killed the night of the kidnapping and Hauptmann rid of his body by leaving it in the woods. They also suggested that Lindbergh Jr was killed the night of the kidnapping, and was never alive while ransom money was being exchanged and negotiated (Linder). America was completely taken aback that someone would cause such heartbreak to their hero, Charles Lindbergh. Local newspapers wrote articles of how the kidnapper deserves the utmost punishment to the full extent of the law (â€Å"Historical Newspapers†). Newspapers also blamed gangs for the kidnapping of the â€Å"Lone Eagle†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s son. Notorious gang leader Al Capone was the center of attention after the crime took place, but in order to clear his name, he offered a $10,000 reward for the safe return of the baby, and also said that he himself would find the murderer if he was let go from incarceration (â€Å"The Crime of the Century†). Hauptmann testified until his last breath that he was innocent. His last words were â€Å"I am glad that my life in a world which has not understood me has ended. Soon I will be at home with my Lord, so I am dying an innocent man. Should, however, my death serve for the purpose of abolishing capital  punishment—such a punishment being arrived at only by circumstantial evidence—I feel that my death has not been in vain. I am at peace with God. I repeat, I protest my innocence of the crime for which I was convicted. However, I die with no malice or hatred in my heart. The love of Christ has filled my soul and I am happy in Him† (Linder). He tried his hardest to convince the jury, the judge, and the prosecuting attorney that he was innocent. However, the evidence spoke for itself. Everything played against Hauptmann’s favor, and he was executed on April 3, 1936 (Linder). The label â€Å"crime of the century† is very pertinent for the Lindbergh trial. Many people mourned for America’s hero after he was forced to deal with such heartbreak. The Lindbergh family were thrown into a pit of despair after the kidnapping and murder of their beloved son. Although many believed that Hauptmann was innocent, and his trial was unfair and tampered with, the amount of evidence presented was enough for the jury to reach a guilty verdict. Amidst the evidence was gold notes that were used as ransom money, handwritten evidence, the ladder used to get into the nursery window, and eyewitnesses. Bruno Richard Hauptmann was guilty for the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh Jr and it was a righteous act that he was arrested and executed.

Orcein Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Orcein - Assignment Example The project recommended that, when performing Orcein staining technique, it is important to use Orcein from different suppliers, which can reduce errors in the detection process by comparing the different results obtained by each company’s dye (Krishna, 2013). It is also important to stain at least a sample of five or more slides before deeming the results as negative. Orcein staining technique is thus, a simple and excellent method for detecting HBsAg, resulting in a positive Hepatitis B result and can give reproducible results in a routine environment. In addition, the project explains how Hepatitis B infects the hepatocytes of the liver. The Hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) occurs as granules, which are fine in texture and can be diffusely spread out on the entire cytoplasm or concentrated in the peripheral regions of the cytoplasm or the sinusoidal space (Ray, 2012). The appearance of these granules is referred to as ground glass. HBsAg appears as round, oval or as irregularly shaped aggregates in a single cell involvement. (Kirkpatrick, 1982). Even though the examination is necessary when diagnosing Hepatitis B, a number of staining techniques exist that assist in detecting Hepatitis B in the liver (Krishna, 2013). Some techniques such as a simple H & E stain or other immunohistochemical markers are used. Orcein stain makes it possible to observe the morphological identification of

The Causes and Psychological Effect of Bullying in High School Essay

The Causes and Psychological Effect of Bullying in High School - Essay Example These types of bullying are often carried out on the victims based on their sexuality, gender, race, religion, abilities, body size, and age among other features (Carey, P. 34). From these factors that promote bullying, it is apparent that the power imbalances that favor and promote bullying could be social, economic, and physical powers. Although bullying affects the bullied more than the bully, the stereotypical notion that the bullied is never affected by his/her actions should be revised. That is to say, the portrayal of a bully as some tough and self-confident individual who conquers all his/her victims no longer stands. Besides harming their victims, high school bullies are also emotionally, physically, and psychologically affected by their actions (Carey, P. 89). In fact, psychological instability has been identified as a major cause of bullying tendencies in high school bullies. It can therefore be asserted without fear of contradiction that ‘true bullies’ are qu ite rare since most bullies are also affected or bullied by their actions. This paper therefore explores the causes of bullying and the emotional and psychological effects of high school bullying on bullies. Causes of High School Bullying Despite the recently reported increased awareness of bullying in high schools, little has been achieved as far as reducing the cases of bullying in schools are concerned. This situation may be due to the fact that the identification and the tackling of the real causes of high school bullying are still quite big challenges to parents and teachers. There are numerous causes of high school bullying that are however quite apparent and concerned parties such as teachers and parents should take them into account. In other words, it appears that the only affective solution to high school violence is the identification of the variety of reasons for which high school students become bullies. The first cause of high school bullying is frustration. The cause of frustration in these cases could be impairments and such impaired students may be resentful if such impairment is not being recognized. These impairments include allergy, undiagnosed PTSD, learning disabilities, autism, deafness, and dyslexia among other difficulties. The frustration particularly stems from the fact that these impaired students are expected to perform at par with the other able-bodied classmates. The matter is made worse by the fact that no attempts are made to identify the source of their frustration. The second cause of high school bullying is bad or lack of role models for high school students at home and the larger communities they come from. Absence of proper role models to look up to results in high school students missing the opportunity to learn positive behavior skills. Coupled to this cause is abuse at home, which results in abused children expressing their anger on their classmates. Family neglect just like home abuse causes retardation in childrenâ₠¬â„¢s emotional, psychological, and behavioral developments. The other causes of high school bullying are undue influence from friends or crowds, conduct disorders, personality disorders, and antisocial disorders. Psychological and Emotional Effects of Bullying There are several psychological effects that researchers have found high school bullies to be prone to including low self-esteem, childhood and adulthood behavioral problems, and depression disorders and other psychological disorders. Besides

Journal Entries outlining a song with the use of personal anecdote or Assignment

Journal Entries outlining a song with the use of personal anecdote or historical fact - Assignment Example Some branches wither and die, while others prosper and beget subsequent branches. This paper will begin in 1920, and progress in a more or less sequential order up to 1989. The only jags on our journey will be to explore an artist or a work in it’s entirety, regardless of associated dates. Where release years are identical, acts are sorted alphabetically. 1920 - Ted Lewis Jazz Band, â€Å"I'll See You in C-U-B-A† - This is a perfect example of the styles used by musicians to start scaling down from a big band size for smaller clubs, while still maintaining a bridge to the encompassing sound of big band. The contrast of merry horns and melancholy woodwinds always pulls back from the brink before conveying any true sense of discontent. The same general themes are repeated multiple times, but each with a new detail or elaboration. After the first denouement, there is a section with more pronounced percussion, leading into a whistling section that sounds remarkably like bir d call, accentuating the idea of the gaiety of the initial horn lines. A second, much lower horn line comes in during the major reprise, providing an interesting duel and counterpoint with the first. The main theme repeats, and then with a cute little bounce, it ends, having arrived at its Cuban destination. 1921 - Rudolph Valentino dances the tango to ‘La Cumparsita’ in â€Å"The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse† - 1921 - Valentino is well known for his pivotal tango scene in â€Å"The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse†. The tango he danced to was called â€Å"La Cumparsita†, or ‘the Little Masquerade’. It starts out with a deceptively simple accordion duo; a barely audible set of shakers being the only percussion, The base theme is rather long, and establishes itself and repeats with greater intensity. We see our dancers almost melting across the floor of a smoke filled speakeasy. The middle section gives us a looser and more romantic re el, with less staccato. The onlookers cheer and leer, as the dancers footwork gets more complex, in contrast to the flowing music. The main theme bursts in again, and like a bud that abruptly flowers, it has a held back tightness before the full surrender, which is visible in the flowing choreography of the female dancer. As the dancers draw the performance to a close, the music takes an oddly sinister turn, as if mimicking passion gone sour. 1930 - Don Azpiazu, â€Å"El Manicero (The Peanut Vendor)† - Azpiazu starts with a catchy piano intro, high pitched block percussion, and a rhythm horn section that quickly establish themselves as the main backbone of the song. Over that comfortingly predictable backdrop, a deft and playful solo horn line flits around rum soaked silk male vocals like a butterfly. One can envision a friendly peanut vendor strolling down the street on a sunny day, hawking his wares. It is clever, simple, and happy, perhaps much like our peanut vendor himse lf. 1965 - Stan Kenton at the Rendezvous Ballroom, â€Å"The Peanut Vendor† - Kenton attempts a cover of the Azpiazu number, and manages to eliminate almost everything that was charming about the original, while still maintaining the few questionable elements. The repetitive piano line is echoed in really bold horns, but rather than paint a quiet backdrop, they drone methodical and monotonous. A solo horn line comes in, but it has nothing in common

The Emerald Forest by John Boorman Movie Review

The Emerald Forest by John Boorman - Movie Review Example Apart from the difference in the authority structures of these two societies, their entire life styles and cultures are different. Western modern society is developed and advanced in terms of technology and uses machine guns and weapons to fight, aero planes to travel and other machines to cut off forests and clear the land for construction, whereas the invisible people do not have much use of technology as they use arrows and spears to fight and travel by walking long distances (â€Å"Proyect†). As wanadi says, â€Å"When I was a boy, the edges of the world was very far away, but it comes closer each year.† It means that western world is growing in technology and now travelling across the entire world to reach far off places have become easy and fast. However, as technology is enhancing it is destroying the natural environment more (â€Å"The Emerald Forest†). Air pollution from the aero planes, cars etc have increased resulting in various diseases affecting our respiratory systems when we inhale the oxygen present in the air. Also the modern guns and weapons have resulted in the increasing demolition of mankind who are killed in massacres. The machines used to clear off forests have destroyed the beauty of the world and the indigenous livelihood (â€Å"The Emerald Forest†). The natural resources are being depleted with the adoption of new technology. This is the reason that the people of the western world were called to be Termite as they cut down big trees and destroy the real world which is in forests (â€Å"The Emerald Forest†). The invisible people are loving, caring, innocent people who calls the forest as their world, who keeps to themselves, away from western society and just want... Both the traditional culture and the culture of the western American societies have their own good and bad points but in my view, the culture of the invisible people is far better than that of the westerners. The reason is that the invisible people were good hearted, loving humans who were satisfied with their lives and were happily living with their people in their world. Their culture satisfies all their humanly needs like physiological needs of food, water, sex etc, the safety needs by providing them shelter, resources to survive, health, their emotional needs by providing family, love, and by giving a sense of community in which people can depend upon each other in time of their need, their esteem needs i.e. their culture teaches them how to respect others and confidence and finally the highest level of human need that is self-actualization by providing them problem-solving capabilities and morality. The traditional culture promotes spirituality and the feeling of community which makes them selfless people who unlike the westerners do not tear apart nature and others feel for their own needs or motives. This view is further supported by Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim who also views modern society as a misery in which people are unhappy and never fully satisfied. Even though they all have the same conclusion, they have different reasons for their views. According to Karl Marx, this misery results from capitalism which divides society into two major groups Bourgeoisie and Proletaria.

Personal centred care for older person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Personal centred care for older person - Essay Example Rather than continuing on and suffering through the hardships of continuing her rather vigorous daily routines, June realized that her career nor her students would benefit from the decreased level of energy and time that she could devote to them. Instead of allowing her work to be impacted negatively, June instead opted for retirement as this gave her the opportunity to devote maximal time and energy to the care of her declining health. June admitted to the fact that although she knew it was bad for her, she had been a chain smoker up until the point that her husband died. As such, she suffers from osteoporosis and emphysema; diseases that she says make it increasingly difficult to deal with life. This difficulty is due to the compounding nature of the symptoms. Although she was not diagnosed with either of these diseases prior to ending her teaching career, the symptoms and the hardships of dealing with both of them at the same time provides significant stress and hardship for her. June stated that one of the things that provides her a degree of comfort and happiness with respect to the aging process is that she has come to understand herself to a degree that she never before thought possible. In earlier life, she was quite concerned with the approval of others and what they thought about her or what she did. However, as she has come to be older, their approval is of less importance. Further, she also enjoys the fact that others have come to give her the respect that she feels has so long been due to her. As a result of her age, and partly to her health condition, individuals are more willing to listen to what she has to say and consider the needs or requests that she might have as compared to earlier in life. It is without question that her answer to these questions may well have heavily been impacted upon by her prior experience as a high school teacher. In addition to these aspects, June also

Computer systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computer systems - Essay Example But due to the fact that interface of most computer systems has limited range of expressions, users has no opportunities to interact with them as with real people. Current tools, such as email, mailing lists, chat rooms, discussion phorums have substantial shortcomings. Their interface is designed only for delivery of simple ideas, without emotions, gestures or face expressions. Of course people can use so-called smiles (primitive pictures with emotions, such as smile or sadness), but every system has its own predefined set of smiles and does not allow user to insert custom image instantly. At the same time in a physical world people can easily express emotions in a discussion over a meal or a drink, meeting up at a conference or having a special offer pointed out to you by behaviour of a stranger. Social information in a physical world is transmitted on many levels. Most of these levels are lost in digital environment, hence socially blind. Therefore need of expression of social information arises, for example mood, condition, some feelings. So people can see emotional reaction of their interlocutors, not only what they express in words. This social information may be applied to knowledge management to make users' activities visible to others. The realist approach involves trying to project social... The realist approach is a straightforward answer to the question; it minimizes the difficulty of producing and interpreting social signals. However current technology places very strict limits on the resolution of teleconferencing and video space systems. The mimetic approach tries to represent social cues from the physical world, as literally as possible, in the digital domain. The mimetic approach is exemplified by graphical MUDs and virtual reality systems, and uses virtual environments and avatars of various degrees of realism to mimic the physical world. Work here ranges from attempts to implement a virtual physics to the considerably looser representations of social information found in the 2-D and 3-D avatars found in various graphical MUDs and 3-D VRML worlds. While the use of mimetic representations decreases some of the bandwidth requirements of such systems, in this sort of system social signals must be consciously produced via users manipulating their avatars. The abstract approach involves portraying social information in ways that are not closely tied to their physical analogs. Exemplars of the abstract approach include AROMA, the Out to Lunch system (which uses abstract sonic cues to indicate socially salient activity), and Chat Circles (which uses abstract visual representations). This approach also includes the use of text to portray social information. Text has proved surprisingly powerful as a means for conveying social information, so the abstract approach scales well, both textual and abstract graphical representations being relatively compact. (Erickson and Kellogg, 2002) 3. Using your knowledge and experience, explain how the application of context and domain modelling could be used to help establish a

Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Public Relations - Essay Example The importance of public relations is necessary in all kinds of organizations as mainly synergy between organizational goals with employees performance is important. Organizations that spend time and money on public relations are deemed to be more successful in the industry (Travis, 2012). There are two mainstream dimensions of public relations; organizational functions and societal functions. The organizational function basically discusses the relationships of employees and stakeholder within the firm. The establishment of systems and frameworks that would assist in the communication of employees and would allow them to bond vividly in the organizational tasks is organizational functions. The societal functions basically discusses that what organization is giving to the society and how is it responding to them. Use of media or any other channel that would address masses is the societal dimension of public relations (Stacks, 2010). The purpose of this paper is to exemplify about public relations and its components. Present precise picture about the proceedings of public relations and how it is benefiting the organizations. Organizational Function The main purpose of organizational functions of public relations remains to enhance the profitability of the organization. The escalation in conventional practices rampant in the organization may affect business negatively therefore improvements in the organizational cultures is of great virtue and magnitude. It is important that there would be no disputes and quarrels among the employees and everybody would work for the enhancement of organizational goals and objectives. ... The organizational function signifies that paramount revenues can be made if there is internal rest in the organization. Multinational organizations tend to work immensely on the organizational functions of public relations as ensuring all employees are on the same page to work is imperative (Smith, 2012). The functions of public relations in the organizations include better communication channel between employees, engaging them in different activities, launching training and development sessions, improve feedback system and gauge leadership too. In Coca cola international, public relations within the organization are taken very seriously. The management has ensured that employees working in different capacities would maintain good public relations. The maintenance of good public relations within and outside organization brings good name for the company and for the person himself. The organizational function of public relations enhances motivation of employees too, if it is implement ed in delegate manner. The feeling of getting importance by the organization is one of the most inspirational feelings that an employee gets. The maintaining of relationships with external bodies by formulating strategic plans is a part of public relations. For instance sustaining and attaining relations with government institutes (Rainey, 2009). Societal Functions The networking and bonding of the organization publically is the societal functions of public relations. Organizations tend to work vigorously on the societal function of public relations to make good name in the general public. Image of the organization contains sheer value and magnitude which cannot be neglected. People tend to talk and converse about the organizations who have poor relations with the general

Hospitality marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hospitality marketing - Essay Example 579). The statement must offer a description of the organization to create awareness among potential stakeholders such as its consumers. It must also identify the organization’s potential customers. This is particularly essential because the organization must have been established for a product or service delivery and identification of its customers forms a basis towards defining what the organization ought to offer to the target market. The statement must also establish a philosophy upon which the organization operates. Similarly, the definition of a mission statement involves establishment of the organization’s potentials in its market as well as the organization’s obligations. A mission statement is therefore an expression that offers an organization’s basis for a level of â€Å"reliability, tangibility, empathy, and responsiveness† that it would achieve at optimum environmental conditions (Shoemaker and Shaw, p. 48). A vision statement is on the other hand an expression of what an organization intends to be. It therefore establishes standards that the institution wishes to achieve. As a result, it consists of a number of elements that guides the organization’s stakeholders toward achieving the desired aspects. The definition of a vision statement therefore identifies an ability to inspire stakeholders towards achieving the identified levels as well motivating involved parties towards the organization’s desire. Establishing what an organization intends to achieve also identifies realism in a statement that qualifies it as a vision statement. The statement must similarly describe the target standards, in a clear manner, which is consistent with the organization’s objective of meeting its customers’ needs (Shoemaker and Shaw, p. 579). A mission statement therefore establishes an enterprise’s scope of operations in an ideal environment

Auditors Third Party Liability Essay Example for Free

Auditors Third Party Liability Essay On 1979 the court established the principle of third party liability as foreseen’ in Federal Supreme Court (sixth civil senate) 1 regarding the case of a German branch of a bank provided wrong information to its potential investors and because of that one of the potential investors suffered a big loss and later sued the bank. But in November 1983 in Federal Supreme Court (fourth civil senate)2, death negligence in reporting in a case where buyer of a properly sued the valuer because of the wrong valuation. Court stated that if third party is under protected effect then there are some general principles on professional third-party liability for negligent misstatements under contract towards third parties. In the first case (1979) The Federal Supreme Court stated that the bank knew that the information which was provided would have been showed to potential investors In the case court maintained that the person, to whom the bank provided the relevant information could be identified and are part of a calculable group. And in the second case (1983) court says, there is no need for the professional to know either who the third parties are. The professional’s negligent performance must have determined the plaintiff’s decision which eventually led him to suffer a loss. Court found out that because of the lack of knowledge both buyer and dealer needed the expert opinion of the valuer was needed. Court widened the scope of the liability and liability of auditor to third party moved from Foreseen to reasonable foreseeability. After that case Federal Court continued this broader scope of liability in both cases in Federal Supreme Court (third civil senate) 10 November 19943 Federal Supreme Court (third civil senate) 2 April 19984 On 2001 in its most recent case, the Federal Court of Justice handed down a new decision regarding the liability of experts towards third parties (Reg. No. X ZR 231/99). The Court rejected the plaintiffs claims, holding that the contract concluded between the commissioning banking authority and the expert did not extend to the plaintiff. So, the plaintiff was not, covered by the contract drawn up between the commissioning authority and the auditor. The court reject the information contract between the expert and the third party a stated that without a direct contract no liability is considered to have arisen. The court then changed the scope of liability form reasonably foreseeable to Privity or Near Privity in between.

The Spanish And Ottoman Empire

The Spanish And Ottoman Empire The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries marked key points in the development of both the Spanish and the Ottoman empires. The building of the Spanish and the Ottoman Empires are both similar and different in many ways. With the discovery of the Americas and the conquering of Constantinople, both empires were emerging as world powers. Furthermore, both empires developed into strong religious empires. One major difference was the reasons for conquest between the two vast empires. The Spanish sought to improve trade whereas the Ottoman Empire sought military control. There were also many similarities and differences in how the Spanish and the Ottoman Empires developed politically. The Spanish used the Encomienda System as a base for economic and political order in the Americas. Using this system, the men who served the crown, or the encomenderos, were awarded part of the labor and produce of the natives. The Spanish king ruled through the Council of the Indies, allowing the king to appoint viceroys. Furthermore, the Spanish king could oversee the treasury office and the royal court of appeals, or audiencia. In contrast, the Ottoman Empire developed a bureaucracy, and because of religious tolerance allowed Christians and Jews to participate in the government. The Spanish and the Ottoman Empires can be compared and contrasted economically. One difference between the two empires was taxing in the Ottoman Empire. Although the Ottoman Empire was tolerant of other religions, they imposed a special tax on non Muslims called the jizya. One similarity was the establishment of trade routes in both empires. The Spanish Empire established trade routes to the Americas and the Ottoman Empire, under the rule of Suleyman, expanded populations, roads, and trade routes. Suleyman led the Ottoman Empire to the Pax Ottomanica , resulting in the golden age that allowed the empire to flourish. Furthermore, the Ottoman Empire controlled half of the Danube River, allowing them to control trade. Socially, both the Spanish and the Ottoman Empires were very strict religious empires. The Spanish were strict Catholics (maybe tolerant). Similarly, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was a devout Muslim. The Spanish spread Christianity throughout the Americas, converting Natives similar to how the Ottomans converted boys in poor villages top ranking janissaries. However, the two empires did differ in that the Ottoman Empire was tolerant of other religions. The Ottoman Empire tolerated other religions because by allowing the Christians and Jews to practice their religions freely, the Ottoman Turks could defend themselves against revolts and rebellions. One major difference between the two empires was their reasons for expansion and conquest. The Spanish Empire expanded to further promote trade, whereas the Ottoman Empire expanded for military control. Under a system known as devshirme the Ottoman Sultan rounded up boys between the ages of 12 and 20 from villages and trained the best 1 0 percent to be civil servants or military men known as janissaries. However a similarity can be found in the decline of these two empires, where both empires ended because of the implications of the systems they sought to improve in expansion. The Spanish, in attempts to improve trade started to decline because of a weak financial base, unable to reap the benefits of trade. Similarly, when the expansion of the Ottoman Empire stopped, the empire lacked the influx of manpower to feed its system of maintaining an efficient population of civil servants and military men. A serial military defeat followed afterwards. During the periods of 1450 to 1800, the building of the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire developed in similar and different ways. Politically, the Spanish used an encomienda system whereas the Ottomans developed a bureaucratic government. Economically, the Spanish and the Ottoman developed trade routes, but the Spanish did not impose the jizya as the Ottomans did. Socially, both empires were strictly religious but the Ottomans were more tolerant of other religions. Despite their emergence as world powers, both empires declined as a result of the Spanishs inability to develop a strong financial base and the Ottomans failure to continue maintaining a constant manpower. Whereas the Spanish easily conquered the New World, the Ottomans constantly fought against different people from Africa, Asia, and Europe. Ottoman society was divided politically into wealth producers, soldiers, Muslims, and non-Muslims. Under a system known as devshirme the Sultan rounded up boys between the ages of 12 and 20 from villages and trained the best 10 percent to be civil servants or military men known as janissaries. After the relatively easier early conquest, Spanish legislation prohibited exploration and enslavement of Indians in its New Laws of 1542. In Mexico and Peru the decree was ignored and lead to a debate about how the colonies should be run, with some prominent ruling class arguing that Indians should be treated with protection and care, while others argued for a slavery system. The Ottoman Empire was less enlightened in ideology, but ruled with brute penalties for criminal acts, and efficient administration ad legal procedures. The Sultan considered himself supreme as compared against other monarchs. Indians died because of disease, dislocation, and the rigors of mine work following the European conquest. When the Spanish monarch ended the encomienda system the colonists increasingly sought grant of lands creating rural estates that produced cultural products. Gradually, the Americas evolved into an economic base that supports Spain. As for the Ottoman Empire, its decline was drastic. When the expansion stopped, the empire lacked the influx of manpower to feed its system of maintaining an efficient population of civil servants and military men. A serial military defeat followed afterwards.

Analysis and Comparison of Diet Coke and Diet Pepsi

Analysis and Comparison of Diet Coke and Diet Pepsi Summary Abstract The complete quality discussion of two organizations products are going to be discussed here. The products are diet-coke and diet Pepsi of soft drinks. The Diet Pepsi versus Diet Coke argues has been increasing in now days. The people are looking easiest way to fewer calories in their diet and fight against obesity in a meaningful way; the world largest soda companies are changing their diet brands.Iam going to give a report of coke and Pepsi company quality systems. Introduction of the Organization Coke-diet Diet coca-cola and Coca-cola light also Coke light is the other names of Diet Coke. This is a soft drink with sugar-free and introduced by the Coca cola Company which is located in United States of America. Diet Coke introduced on 9th of August, 1982 in the United States of America. Diet Coke contains some saccharin to extend shelf life. History of Diet-Coke 1982-Diet Coke-largest selling low calorie 1986-Diet cherry- American markets 1992-Diet Coke 10th anniversary 1997-Diet Coke changes its logo 2001-Diet Coke -lemon 2002-Diet Vanilla Coke 2004-Diet coke with lime 2005-Diet Coke with sweet splendid 2006-Diet Coke Black Cherry Vanilla 2007-Diet Coke Plus The slogan of Diet Coke Love it light Debate on Diet Coke Diet Coke distributed commonly with aspartame which has been noted as a toxic material by internet rumours and sensational media coverage. Finally aspartame is the best intensively scrutinized food actions .American medical association has been deemed it as well as World Health Organization. Quality systems of Coke Diet Coke has advanced plant control system and it was developed by Sumitomo metals. It is mainly constructed by two main control functions. That is, coal blending ration control system to accomplish target coke quality under the planned operating circumstances. Another one is coke oven temperature control system to achieve the target pushing-out coke temperature under the charged blended coal and coking time. The Diet Coke Quality is being controlled by the goal programming method and by using a theoretical coking model and an online coal dilatation sensor. Temperature of coke is being controlled by a heat transfer model in the coke chamber and a world class regulator based on an autoregressive model. Bottling of coke The strong bottling system developed that coca-cola company became the world-wide familiar brand it is today Market. Technology led to world economy, the seller who sold coke merged and evolved into global mega chains. So that like customer required a new approach. Result of that, coca cola introduced small and medium sized bottlers consolidated to better serve giant global customers. Coca cola Company encouraged and invested in many of bottler consolidations to assure that is largest bottling partners would have ability to lead the system in running with world retailers. Marketing Channel of Diet Coke The coca cola company has three primary delivery systems for its business channels, Huge delivery for the channels of big supermarkets and mass merchandisers and club stores Advanced sale delivery convenience stores and Drug stores and small supermarkets and on-premise fountain accounts. Coke-diet Supply Chain Coca cola company produces the concentrates and bottling partners manufacture and packaging as well distribute the product, coca cola suppliers used the include sugar ,citrus and coffee and kind of flavours, water (2008,coca cola). The ingredients for concentrate syrups are provided by the suppliers of those companies. The Coca Cola Company changed their supply chain system in 2004 to increase greater efficiencies (2004 Foley).The coca cola company had to spent the better part of a year gathering three business units in North America to create another more efficient integrated unit and which is streamlined information technology , obtainment process and supply chain actions (2004 Foley). Coca Cola Company had to change in 2006 when it was beginning deliver it products to Wal- mart Warehouses for the following complaints form wal mart those bottlers were not keeping those shelves stocked (2006-supplychannier.com). The coca cola company had to change their 100 year old operational approaches (2006-supplychannier.com). The world biggest singer bottler is coca cola Company in which the coke company have owned a 35% share. Coca cola Enterprises Coca Cola Company has achieved the first service delivery team to the coca cola quality system and ISO 9001:2001 (TCCQS). The globally recognised registrars have checked of ISO9001:2000 Of Coca cola TCCQS adopted the ISO policies and extended the well-structured core with their own specific business requirements. The continual act improvement to offer high quality service to consumers customers. Implication Needed The Complete management system required to enhance scope apart from manufacturing to frame closer running relationships with service providing functions and carry the coca cola company philosophy of whole customer refreshment and constant improvement. It needs a modernized, global structure reaching very quick implementation straightened to world standard. Quality Assurance of Coke To satisfy the world thirst, Coca Cola Company is making people enjoy 1.6 million supplying of our beverages. Coca Cola Company has a greater responsibility to every one of those people as well support life increasing experiences. Coke Company rule main product and cover quality attributes to make sure their beverage items in the marketplace confirmed company needs and consumer expectations. Coke products of consistency and reliability are being urgently important for its products to meet world regulatory needs and company standards. TCCMS for Coke The coca cola management system ensures (TCCMS) the cokes consistency and reliability and coca cola company system. The quality management system is integrated module, which sticks all of company operations system wide to the constant standards for manufacturing and distributing of coca cola beverages. TCCMS guides cokes products safety and quality by merging and aligning business and quality targets with constant metrics to control performance Strength of Coke-Diet Coke has internationally recognition Coke has strong brand name Coke has effective advertisement Coke has categorical taste Weakness of Coke Coke has health issues Coke can not stop certain gender by using it. Coke has not individuality. Revenues of Coke: The coca cola enterprises have earned $21.65billion with net income of $173 million in 2009 and in the quarter of 2010 Coke Company have earned $5.88 billion. Recommendations I would like to add few recommendations for Coca Cola Company and its industry. They are: Coke should stimulate healthcare and should ensure their products will not give any health problems to the consumers. Coke should improve the products what they have doing now so it will make satisfaction to their buyer. Coke should try to find ways for decreasing its prices without having cost problems. Coke must try to give new products that do not involve in beverages so it will increase its revenues. Pepsi-Diet Pepsi-Diet is a carbonated cola with fewer calories and introduced to the world in 1964 as variety of Pepsi drinks with free sugar. The current formula of Pepsi diet is artificial sweeteners aspartame. Pepsi is also known as Pepsi Light. It contains caffeine with amount of 35mg/12 fl oz. Different Flavours of Pepsi-Diet Wild cherry Vanilla Lemon Lime The Slogan  of Pepsi-Diet Light .Crisp. Refreshing Organizations and Background Pepsi produces major carbonated soft drinks and beverages also snack foods. Pepsi Cola Company is the division of beverage. It makes markets and bottles of famous brands of soft drinks in USA and worldwide. Pepsi also produces Aquafina bottled water also sport athletic drinks. Operations Quality in Pepsi Company Many of the sales are done the companys own straight line store distribution (DSD) systems, where they genuinely take the products to stores and place them on the shelf. These systems catch up hundreds of thousands of outlets, from the very small liquor stores to the powerful club store. The DSD systems supply the company the power to merchandise its products for maximum interest to consumers. Pepsi company is adjoin new platforms for growth, which strong the companys portfolio and increase its key important innovation potentiality For instance, January 2001 the company received most of the South Beach Beverage Company, whose So be line of drinks counts to the Pepsi-Cola portfolio some of the speed-growing brands in the fastest-growing segment of the industry, non-carbonated beverages. From another instance, is the aimed merger with the Quaker Oats Company, which is anticipate completing in the second quarter of 2001. This is without question the important step to make sure the bright future of growth for PepsiCo. The merger will form PepsiCo an even more talent competitor in the extending market for useful foods and beverages. It adds two very famous brands to its portfolio, Gatorade and Quaker, and makes new chances for each PepsiCo division. The joined enterprise will align among the worlds five biggest consumer product companies. Pepsi Company has got $383 million worth of goods and services from youth-owned and women-owned suppliers in the year of 2000. The Womens Business Enterprise National Council called the company among Americas Top Corporations for Womens Business Enterprise. Pepsi company young and women business improvement programs were ranked among the top-10 nationally by the National Minority Supplier Development Council. The company give supports conservation, recycling and energy utilize programs that advance clean air and water and reduce landfill. In 2009, the Occupational Health and Safety Administration named two more Pepsi Company facilities to its top STAR status as part of the agencies Voluntary Protection Program. Distribution Channel of Pepsi-Diet Strengths of Pepsi-Diet Pepsi has extensive product line and superior reputation. Collaboration of Quaker Oats produced coactions across the board. Pepsi Record revenues and increasing market share. Lack of capital forces (chance of large free cash flow). Great brands, strong distribution, innovative capabilities Number one maker of snacks, such as corn chips and potato chips Pepsi sells three products through the same distribution channel. For ex :Joining the production capabilities of Pepsi, Gatorade and Tropicana is a great opportunity to less costs, improve efficiency and smooth out the effect of seasonal variance in demand for particular product Failure of Pepsi -Diet Pepsi oppose to attract vision and direction for the global company. Pepsi is considerably away from leader Coca-cola in the global market demand is highly bouncy. Coke-Diet is the best competitor Fear of Pepsi-Diet Food Beverage department industry is mature. Pepsi is accused for pesticide residues in their products in one of their most possibility emerging market (India). Pepsi has competition with Cadbury Schweppes, Coca-Cola, and Kraft foods due to the broader product line, which are well-run and financially key competitors. Pepsi is a big company so which leads to demand various marketing programs. Achievements of Pepsi Pepsi Company bounces back its Pepsi Challenge advertising attack. Challenge includes Pepsi Diet and Diet Coke also regular cola. Pepsi associated with yahoo Inc., the world largest web navigation company, in a  multimedia marketing campaign target at teens and young adults. Tropicana, in a joint shared gamble with Galaxy Foods Co., bring forward an icy smoothie soy milk-and-fruit drink, made with juice, fruit puree along with soymilk and soy protein. Pepsi made water bottle branded with aquafina became the best-selling brand of single-serve bottled Water in US retail channels Timeline of achievements: Pepsi Company established Dole single-serve juices in vending machines, coolers  and other retail outlets throughout the United States of America in the year 2000. Pepsi introduced the brave new Mountain Dew Code Red nationwide in United Sates in year of 2001. Pepsi Company launched Pepsi-twist in the year 2001 which led to enter diet version of coke in the USA markets. Pepsi introduced in Italy as orange brand caller Miranda. Pepsi created Marathon Kids, a television program that encourages kids and their families  to be more physically active and it got huge success in world wide (2002). Pepsi Company introduces Sierra Mist nationally 2(003) PepsiCo introduces Get Active/Stay Active program (2003) Quaker Chewy launched Quaker Chewy Wholesome Favourites and Quaker  Chewy Trail Mix. (2003) Pepsi signed an exclusive four-year sponsorship deal with the Canadian  Hockey Association made Pepsi the official soft drink (2003) Pepsi announced four-year sponsorship bond with the UK Football  Association (2003). In 2004 Pepsi trademark turned 100 years old. In 2004 Pepsi Vanilla is launched in the United States. In 2004- Frito-Lay Introduced Doritos Black Pepper Jack Pepsi introduced Pepsi Edge, the first full-flavoured cola with 50% less sugar,  carbohydrates and calories than regular cola. In 2005 -PepsiCo Celebrates 40th Anniversary. In 2005 PepsiCo introduced Quaker Milk Chillers. In 2005 Tropicana introduced All Fruit Smoothies. In 2005 Frito-Lay Launches Quaker Oats in India. In 2005 Pepsi Foods Introduced Weight Control Instant Oatmeal. In 2005Pepsi Lime and Diet Pepsi Lime Lanced. In 2005 Tropicana Twister Soda introduced in April In 2005 PepsiCo international and Lipton came into agreement and introduced new Lipton Original Iced Tea and New Lipton Iced Tea. In 2005 Tropicana Fruit Wise Campaign introduced. PepsiCo Health Wellness Launches Everyday Smart Moves Magazine. In 2005 Pepsi Celebrated 20th Consecutive Super Bowl With New Diet Pepsi Campaign In 2006 Pepsi introduced Pepsi lemon in Peru In 2007 Pepsi made Fortune magazines 100 Best MBA Employers list. In 2007, Pepsi won two awards which was Best Environmental /Wildlife Campaign and Best Cause Marketing Event at Fifth Annual Cause Marketing Halo Awards. Revenues of Pepsi: In the year of 2009, Pepsi have earned $13.3 billion and it was increased of 4.7% form 2008 and in quarter of 2010, Pepsi have earned $9.4 billion. Comparison of Pepsi and Coke: Comparison COKE PEPSI Taste Original cola Little different with coke carbonation more less Marketing approach Coke side of life Hot stuff Advertisings Models Christina Aguilera Britney Spears Key revenues Carbonated drinks Non carbonated drinks World wide share high low Global foot print high low Diversified product offering high low Quarterly Earnings $5.88 billion $9.4 billion Product delivery Service delivery Performance Friendly service with customer Features Speed Reliablity Accuracy of information Conformance Technical knowledge Durability Quality of customer service Serviceability Control and access over dealings with staff Safety Flexible Recommendation to act Innovation and changes and competitions There are 6 steps to analyze the quality of an organization and improvement, Identify the product you create the service Identify the customers for our product Identify strategic target Describe the process for offering service Error -proof the process and delete waste Make sure continuous improvement by calculating, researching and controlling the improvement process. To measure the quality operations, Management must need to set and monitor company targets for continuous improving the process of operation. Identify the following things to measure quality operations, Customer paying for the product Shareholders in the company giving the service Employees working to make the service Suppliers providing the materials to produce the service Benchmarking Analysis Planning determine and indentify critical factor as well critical advantages Analysis know the best practices within the company Response- identify performance measures, current capacity and goals Monitor-construct understanding process of company at all level Improve-review and adjust benchmark Indicatation of assignment I have noticed from above assignment research past many years coke company stock significantly surpassed Pepsi. Really from 2005 cokes stock price was 35% gain while Pepsi was 3% gain. If you consider dividend payments, coke had to deliver a 52% return to investors and Pepsi was 13%. In this decade, most of them on Wall Street believe that the situation is now turning in supporting of Pepsi. Cokes market cap is now 33% greater than Pepsis (eDividendStocks.com). Pepsi now gives over 40% more incomes than coke and coke and Pepsi both offering same dividend gains of 3%. Coke trades at 16* unity 2010 earnings calculation and Pepsi company shares less than 15* 2010 eps unities. As long as both coke and Pepsi continue to benefit form resumption in consumer spending, it shows that coke and Pepsi has very good fundamentals. Conclusion Based on above research, Pepsi surpassed coke with more diversified operational managements systems and Pepsi does better growth potential and more attractive valuation. Coke should stimulate healthcare and should ensure their products will not give any health problems to the consumers and Pepsi should find ways to less price of its product by their effective operations. Operation management of Pepsi company is very effective than coke so that Pepsi Diet sells in market very well. Coca Cola Company should review their distribution channel in emerging countries by doing that they can make more revenues.

Fodors Functionalism Essays -- Body Mind Psychology Essays Searle

Fodor's Functionalism Fodor begins his article on the mind-body problem with a review of the current theories of dualism and materialism. According to dualism, the mind and body are two separate entities with the body being physical and the mind being nonphysical. If this is the case, though, then there can be no interaction between the two. The mind could not influence anything physical without violating the laws of physics. The materialist theory, on the other hand, states that the mind is not distinct from the physical. In fact, supporters of the materialist theory believe that behavior does not have mental causes. When the materialist theory is split into logical behaviorism and the central-state identity theory, the foundation of functionalism begins to form. Logical behaviorism states that every mental feeling has the same meaning as an if-then statement. For example, instead of saying "Dr. Lux is hungry," one would say "If there was a quart of macadamia brittle nut in the freezer, Dr. Lux would eat it." The central-state identity theory states that a certain mental state equals a certain neurophysiological state. The theory works in a way similar to Berkeley’s representation of objects. Both mental states and objects are a certain collection of perceptions that together identify the particular state or object.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fodor develops the idea of functionalism by combining certain parts of logical behaviorism and the central-state identity theory. From logical behaviorism, Fodor incorporates the idea that mental processes can be represented by physical if-then statements. As such, behavior and mental causation are no longer distinct and unable to interact. Also, logical behaviorism provides a way for mental causes to interact with other mental causes. This, in turn, may result in a behavioral effect. The last point is also a characteristic of the central-state identity theory. One doctrine of the central-state identity theory is called "token physicalism." Token physicalism states that all mental states that currently exist are neurophysiological. Thus, token physicalism does not place physical restrictions on the type of substance capable of having mental properties. When the points of logical behaviorism and the central-state identity theory, as described here, are combined, fu nctionalism is the result. The theory of functionalism supposes that a m... ...whether the simulation of mental processes resulting from a computer program are real mental processes?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the end of chapter two, Searle summarizes his criticism of functionalism in the following way. The mental processes of a mind are caused entirely by processes occurring inside the brain. There is no external cause that determines what a mental process will be. Also, there is a distinction between the identification of symbols and the understanding of what the symbols mean. Computer programs are defined by symbol identification rather than understanding. On the other hand, minds define mental processes by the understanding of what a symbol means. The conclusion leading from this is that computer programs by themselves are not minds and do not have minds. In addition, a mind cannot be the result of running a computer program. Therefore, minds and computer programs are not entities with the same mental state. They are quite different and although they both are capable of input and output interactions, only the mind is capable of truly thinking and understanding. T his quality is what distinguishes the mental state of a mind from the systemic state of a digital computer.

Unintended Results :: Free Essay Writer

Unintended Results Almost everyone looks with disfavor on slums. In certain areas of any city, one sees housing conditions that are distressing to say the least. Several families may be using the same bath and toilet facilities. Two or more families may be living in the same apartment. The buildings and apartments may be in various states of disrepair. Why do people live in them? Usually these are as much as lower-income families can afford. Some people think that this situation should be changed. They could not agree with the fact that so many families, of three people with one employed, cannot afford at least one-bedroom-apartment, and with time they urged the government to change this situation and to take control over the rent prices. According to Ansel Sharp, â€Å"In the United States, following World War II, numerous cities elected to continue rent controls established during the war† (68). The main purpose of rent control is to support lower-income residents. The most well known example of such control is undoubtedly that of New York City, which has some of the strictest rent control in the country. By analyzing the actual effect of the controls, we certainly could conclude that the local government should abandon rent controls in New York City because market tends to react in ways that offset the intended impact of that action. Such control may involve consequences that are clearly unintended. The first unintended problem generated by the rent control is housing shortage. In other words, the demand for rent-controlled apartments overcomes the surplus. That is why so many individuals and even families are forced to share the same apartment. Many young adults encounter difficulty finding an apartment when they decide to leave the family home and to start their independent lives. The chance of finding a job in a big city is greater than in a small town. That is why so many people tend to live in New York City. In most cases, searches for rents are unsuccessful. Ansel Sharp writes, â€Å"Today in New York City, for example, it remains popular for those seeking rent-controlled housing to daily scan the obituaries looking for recently freed-up space† (68). Of course, it was not the original intention of the local government but this is the inevitable outcome of price control. Secondly, the price control in New York City fails to satisfy the needs of those who are supposed to benefit from it. Unintended Results :: Free Essay Writer Unintended Results Almost everyone looks with disfavor on slums. In certain areas of any city, one sees housing conditions that are distressing to say the least. Several families may be using the same bath and toilet facilities. Two or more families may be living in the same apartment. The buildings and apartments may be in various states of disrepair. Why do people live in them? Usually these are as much as lower-income families can afford. Some people think that this situation should be changed. They could not agree with the fact that so many families, of three people with one employed, cannot afford at least one-bedroom-apartment, and with time they urged the government to change this situation and to take control over the rent prices. According to Ansel Sharp, â€Å"In the United States, following World War II, numerous cities elected to continue rent controls established during the war† (68). The main purpose of rent control is to support lower-income residents. The most well known example of such control is undoubtedly that of New York City, which has some of the strictest rent control in the country. By analyzing the actual effect of the controls, we certainly could conclude that the local government should abandon rent controls in New York City because market tends to react in ways that offset the intended impact of that action. Such control may involve consequences that are clearly unintended. The first unintended problem generated by the rent control is housing shortage. In other words, the demand for rent-controlled apartments overcomes the surplus. That is why so many individuals and even families are forced to share the same apartment. Many young adults encounter difficulty finding an apartment when they decide to leave the family home and to start their independent lives. The chance of finding a job in a big city is greater than in a small town. That is why so many people tend to live in New York City. In most cases, searches for rents are unsuccessful. Ansel Sharp writes, â€Å"Today in New York City, for example, it remains popular for those seeking rent-controlled housing to daily scan the obituaries looking for recently freed-up space† (68). Of course, it was not the original intention of the local government but this is the inevitable outcome of price control. Secondly, the price control in New York City fails to satisfy the needs of those who are supposed to benefit from it.

Humorous Speech by an Old Friend of the Groom (Bridegroom) :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Humorous Speech by an Old Friend of the Groom (Bridegroom) Good afternoon, Ladies and Gentlemen. On behalf of the bridesmaids, I would like to thank Michael for his kind words, and I have to say they were absolutely wonderful and have done an excellent job today - I mean the bridesmaids, not the words. Now, it's customary in these speeches to tell a story about the bachelor’s (stag) party, but in this case it won't be possible. That's because Michael has insisted on having his stag party after the wedding. So instead, I was going to tell you about a night out in the big city that Michael and I recently had, which involved beer, bad food and Michael bent over the toilet all night. But this is Magdalene’s day as well, and I don't want to ruin it with Michael's vulgarity. So I've decided to look elsewhere for my material. I started by writing down everything I could think of that Michael and I have done over the 23 years we've been friends (mates). But even this wasn't particularly fruitful, as a lot of it would have got Michael strung up by his mom (mum), some of it would have got me strung up by my mom (mum) and some of it simply involved Michael stringing himself up with a couple of vacuum cleaners within easy reach. So, as it was quite challenging coming up with anything of real substance to tell you about Michael, I thought I’d explain how our bride and groom got together. ‘The romance began,’ as Magdalene describes it, ‘after an outing to the cinema was arranged with five or six mutual friends. But on the night, only Michael and I could make it. We enjoyed each other's company so much we went out together every evening for the rest of the week.’ ‘The romance began,’ as Michael describes, ‘after Magdalene individually bribed six people to pull out of a trip to the cinema so she could finally have an evening alone with me to curse me with her love spell.’ There also seems to be some confusion over which film they saw together that night. Magdalene remembers it to be 'Demolition Man'. Michael remembers it as 'Free Willy'. Despite meeting Magdalene, Michael didn’t desert me and we pursued our interests in gambling, excessive drinking, Playstation and being sick a lot. For me, the most significant moment during this time was Michael getting his ear pierced - even back then he was preparing for marriage - experiencing pain, hurt and buying jewellery.

Being Virtuous Though Confucius, Krishna and Socrates Essay

From the beginning of time, the quest of all humans has been to discover how to live the good life. What is a good life exactly? This term will mean different things to different people, and yet I believe there are the same ingredients that all â€Å"good lives† share, even from the classic Eurasian time until present day. Virtues of character, which are also called ‘moral virtues’, seem to be more complex and are an integral part of the completeness of life that is said is necessary for a good life. There seems to be a pattern with people of always trying to achieve being a good person. Is being a good person the answer to having a good life? The Author, Robert W. Strayer makes the point that Confucius, Krishna and Socrates had opinions of ways to a good life but they are all different from one to the other. I will argue that there is a pattern between the three and that the belief to the good life is the same throughout the writings. The saying that history repeats itself is certainly true, but it is also true that people all want to live good lives. Confucius believes living a good life is being virtuous and treating others with respect creates the kind of person that then is given the good life. Being a leader he believed that ruling under an iron fist didn’t create people that respected him and that listened to the law, instead using kindness and sincerity gave the people an example of how to live. He says, â€Å"Let him be ? nal and kind to all; then they will be faithful to him. Let him advance the good and teach the incompetent; then they will eagerly seek to be virtuous† (pg. 218). He also goes on to describe forgiveness which is an essential component in all of the opinions on what is a good life. If one is not being virtuous they can change, which tells us that people are never intended to be perfect but to continue to strive for goodness is always better than to never attempt to be good. That same ideal is true to our modern world. â€Å"To subdue one’s self and return to propriety is perfect virtue. If a man can for one day subdue and return to propriety, all under heaven will ascribe perfect virtue to him† (pg. 219). According to Confucius seeking to be virtuous will bring the good life. In Strayers words he associates the ideas of Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita as being different than those of Confucius. I believe that essentially they are one in the same. Krishna says, â€Å"a man possessed of a pure understanding, controlling his self by courage discarding sound and other objects of sense, casting off affection and aversion, who frequents clean places, who eats little, who’s speech, body, and mind are restrained who is always intent with meditation and mental abstraction and has recourse to unconcern who abandoning egoism, stubbornness, arrogance, desire, anger and all belongings, has no thought that this or that is mine, and who is tranquil becomes fit for assimilation with the Brahmah† (pg. 21). Krishna is telling us that controlling one’s self and the environment one keeps one’s self in, the abandonment of being stubborn and arrogant all contributes to a virtuous soul, which in turn leads to the good life. This point is exactly what Confucius and Krishna share the same opinion finding that mean or middle ground, that balance or yin and yang, is essential to establishing a completeness which develops virtue is vital in order to lead a successful, fulfilling life ultimately leading to happiness. Socrates also collaborates these same thoughts He states, â€Å"For I do nothing but go about persuading you all, old and young alike, not to take thought for your persons and your properties, but ? rst and chie? y to care about the greatest improvement of the soul† (pg. 223). He spent his life trying to convince people to strive to be better people. This is one of the most important things to do in order to find happiness. Socrates believed that the state of one’s soul is the answer to happiness and that there is always improvement that can be made to one’s soul. His mission was to encourage people to think for themselves and thus become more virtuous. Socrates was sentenced to death and as he is near his final moments He says, â€Å"The dif? culty, my friends, is not in avoiding death, but in avoiding unrighteousness† (pg. 223). He also shared the same ideas of Confucius and Krishna that living righteously is the key to the good life. In conclusion what creates a good life for an individual person? It appears to be the same answer that Confucius, Krishna and Socrates had during each of their lives. They learned the same thing that people look for and believe in today. We continue to search for the same answers, but I think the answers are very clear in what history tells us and we learn from these brilliant men, Confucius, Krishna, and Socrates. To be virtuous is having a life with moral integrity and having or showing moral goodness or righteousness. It means being honorable to others and yourself in which will gain the honor and respect from others. Virtue is a belief used to make moral decisions. It does not rely on religion, society or culture; it only depends on the individuals themselves. Virtue has more to do with the character of a person than their earthly riches and possessions. As people continual strive to become a better people, practicing virtuous acts regularly helps develop the good life and they are examples to others striving for the same thing. I believe in what Confucius, Krishna and Socrates taught us, that being a good person is the foundation on which everything else in life is built on, and this I believe is the answer to having the good life.

Teenagers & Unprotected Sex

Shavado  Smith English 017 Teenagers  &  Unprotected Sex In a hyper-sexualized  society that  continues to thrive as each day passes, the thought of unprotected sex has lost the shock value it once possessed. It is now considered normal to hear teenagers bragging about not only their conquests but the unprotected sex they are having. â€Å"She let me go in raw† or â€Å"I told him not to use a condom† are just a couple of the phrases one can hear when listening to these conversations.Unprotected sex  as it relates to teenagers  has become a big problem in the world today  for  two main reasons which are  lack  of education  and  lack of  concern. Many are simply unaware of all the choices available in regards to protection for safe sex. There are vast options for both males and females that allow them to engage in healthy, safe sex. As a result of unprotected sex, there are increasing numbers of unplanned pregnancies and increased  frequenc y  of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among teenagers.Lack of education is the primary cause of unprotected sex among teenagers. Not receiving adequate education  can be the fault of  both the  parents  and  the individual. Teenagers  often receive flawed information about safe sex from popular culture and their peers but almost always never from credible sources such as their parents, or the counseling department of their school. These misguided, ignorant teens then make poor decisions that can have detrimental, long-lasting effects on their lives.I have a friend who became a mother at the tender age of 17 because she was having unprotected sex; the reason she was having unprotected sex was because she thought that the â€Å"pull out† method (which is when the male ‘pulls out’ out of the vagina before ejaculation) would work. She was unaware to the fact that no doctor considers this method to be very effective because semen can leak out of the tip of the penis. Consequently, her decision to have unprotected sex led to her having to unnecessarily take on an adult responsibility.Another factor that results in unprotected sex is unpreparedness; some  teenagers  are aware of unprotected sex, its  lethal  effects and what should be done to avoid these effects but do not take the necessary steps to avoid these problems. Sometimes it is because they are irresponsible, but it can also occur when they act in the moment and take a chance, risking their lives and that of their partner. Statistics have proven that more than half of sexually active teenagers have participated in  sexual activity even though they were unprepared to have safe sex.Nonchalance towards this  serious matter is a reason why so many teenagers are not being responsible and having safe sex. The predominant effects of unprotected sex by teenagers are unplanned pregnancies and an increased risk of being a victim of a sexually transmitted disease. An unplanned pregnancy has an explicit correlation to unprotected sex. According to an article Teenhelp. com statistics show that our ‘neighbor’,  the United States of America, has approximately 820,000 teenagers become  pregnant each year with 80% of them being unintended pregnancies.In simpler terms, a little over 650,000 pregnancies are unplanned, a direct result of unprotected sex(Author Unknown). Another effect of unprotected sex is the increase number of cases with sexually transmitted diseases. Failure to have safe sex can leaves teenagers prone to STDs such as gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis. Unfortunately, some can even contract the deadly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Many teenagers escape this horrible fate but come into contact with at least one STD if they are having unprotected sex.Furthermore, contrary to popular belief, STDs can be contracted without penetration of the vagina by the penis. T his fact  lends to the cause of unprotected sex which is ignorance. Many teenagers are unaware of this fact and believe that they cannot contract STDs through other types of sex such oral or anal, however this not true. STDs can be  transmitted through sexual activity that involves the vagina, the penis, the anus and  the mouth. It is clear that there are direct correlations between the causes and effects of unprotected sex among teenagers.Statistics, professional opinion  and personal experience all support this statement. Teenagers who lack proper sexual education are more likely to experience these effects than those who are educated. The same applies for teenagers who are more concerned about their sexual well-being; if they take the necessary steps to ensure they always have safe sex or at the very least, limit the number of times they have unprotected sex, their chances of experiencing the effects of unprotected sex are decreased.It is my belief that failure to expose teenagers to more sex education in schools and at home will only compound the current problem. Teenagers should be comfortable to ask sex-related questions because sexual intercourse is a natural occurrence that can be wonderful and have no repercussions when handled properly and maturely. Unprotected sex among teenagers is an epidemic that is becoming a global problem. There is not a country that is not dealing with teenagers becoming not only sexually active at a young age, but also being uneducated and unprepared.The causes and effects of unprotected sex among teenagers is a problem that must be dealt with and swiftly! When will we begin to take this on growing pandemonium seriously? We currently have an abundance of adolescents and pre-teens that are  having unprotected sex and becoming mothers/fathers and/or being infected from STDs? I can only hope that the causes of unprotected sex among teenagers are taken more seriously and precautions are  taken so that one day we will be able to live in a world free of â€Å"mistakes† which is in correlation with unplanned pregnancies and contracting STI’s.

Doing Homework Via Internet Essay

Have you ever done your homework without handling either pen or paper? This is extremely doable, thanks to the rapid growth of internet. Internet is a technology that allows citizens easily access or get information from all around the world regardless of space and time. Internet has dominated the business and communication area. Indeed, nowadays most of citizens build a network and business, market their product or service, and do online transaction in the internet. Likewise, internet begins to penetrate into education area. People today, especially students, can do their homework online by using internet, namely, they are using online assignment. It is kind of homework for students which is uploaded by teachers in the internet, and students have to do it online before the deadline. Online assignment’s popularity increased day by day due to its benefits for educational institutions. There are respectively two benefits of using online assignment for both students and teachers. To start with, there are two benefits of using online assignment for students. First, online assignment increases students’ intellegence. Online assignment allows more practice questions that can be used for exam preparation. It encourages students to stay focus on the course material. While students are doing the online assignment, they are provided with a number of attempts to submit their answers and immediate feedback. Students can master the course material by always trying to find the way to solve the questions and correcting their own mistakes. This process is splendidly helpful in polishing the students’ brain and increasing their intellegence. Secondly, online assignment improves students’ chance of success. It encourages students to find more material online. Students can access various sources on the web. Online assignment also provides a video lecture and flash animations which display some principles and show how they are applied. Students can find alot of different type of questions that they cannot find in the book. These features can enable students to easily achieve their goal to fully understand the course materials. Besides, nowadays most of students are smart in using technology devices such as mobile phone and laptop. Therefore, by setting up students’ homework accessible in their devices will increase their interest in learning. That is, online assignment will also result in students’ motivation for the lessons in general. In addition, there are two more benefits of using online assignment for teachers. First, online assignment provides teachers with less work. The process of collecting and grading homework assignment is easier for teachers. Especially for larger classroms, it saves time and energy. Teachers no longer have to spend a lot of hours for grading and correcting homework. Thus, teachers can put more their time into other activities such as extending their office hours for more personal contact with their students. Secondly, online assignment provides an instant feedback for teachers. Teachers can observe the difficult or easy questions for students. They can evaluate the weakness and strengths of their students, which allows teachers to prepare their lecture course material accordingly. For example, thanks to the feedback they get, they may give more time in explaining the problematic units in a more detailed way and can assign some more assignments to ensure that students have comprehended the problematic units. To sum up, since the changing prospect of internet, online assignment has started to play a role in the educational institutions. Online assignment improves students’ understanding of the course material, which also helps them to get higher test scores. Furthermore, it saves time and energy, which mean gives teachers more time to prepare their lecture in explaining the problematic units. Thus, it is clear then, online assignment has great benefits for both students and teachers. It is reasonable to expect that soon that online assignment will be used by all educational institutions in the world for the better future of education.

The Best Colleague I Ever Worked with

I chose to speak on the topic The Best or Worst person I ever worked with. It required me to take a good look at my work history. So far, I have been fortunate to work with good people and for good management as a whole. One manager; however, stands out in my mind as superlative and worthy of the title â€Å"Best person I ever worked with. † His demeanor was calm, he enabled individuals to act autonomously, and he acknowledged hard work and achievements. For this presentation I will address this person as Bob, so he may remain anonymous.Bob’s position was director of materials and handling, and I worked for him as the departments purchasing manager. It’s been said that first impressions are lasting impressions. I remember meeting Bob during the second half of my interview. He was a tall, stocky gentleman around my father’s age with gray hair, and wore wire framed glasses. He was dressed casually in khaki pants, a striped shirt and a blue cardigan sweater. In one hand he held a manila folder, and in the other a large coffee mug. He sat down, introduced himself and asked me how I was doing today.While a social pleasantry he seemed genuine with his question. His persona was as relaxed as his attire. I had been laid off from the airline industry for five months and my benefits were running out. At this time I had a pending job offer, but figured it couldn’t hurt to go on one more interview. Keep in mind I was thoroughly burnt out on interviewing, and mostly certain I was going to accept that offer. Bob’s next question for me was if I was laid off. I replied â€Å"Yes. † He then shared with me that he too was from industry and that he came to this company after being laid off.The company I was interviewing with was a health related business and I honestly didn’t see myself working for them. When he shared this information about himself it allowed me broaden my thinking. We continued to talk about the company an d job position, my work experience and goals, even outside interests and family. Our conversation with each other came very natural. Bob then took me on a tour of the building and their department. We concluded our interview and I left feeling very positive about the whole experience.A couple days later the company called and made me an offer. I accepted, and it was the best decision I made in five months. Upon taking the job I would find that my first impression held true and that Bob’s calm demeanor transferred to managing the materials and handling department. No one in the department dreaded coming into work. He was always friendly and polite. We knew that we weren’t going to have unnecessary stress while completing our work. In fact, this manager was so well liked that staff from other departments would seek out his opinion and guidance.His calm demeanor allowed him to be rational and offer sound advice. Bob enabled me to operate autonomously. He never told me how to do my work and respected my opinion on matters that affected the department. In a one-on-one meeting he told me that he hired me because he knew I could do the job. It was up to me how to get it done. He wasn’t concerned with every step I took to accomplish it, so long as it was done right. Everyone in the department knew their responsibilities and held themselves accountable. Hard work did not go unnoticed.Bob acknowledged my efforts in the department. After 90 days with the company, which was family owned, he gave me a bonus. He felt I was working above and beyond normal contributions. He made sure that I was adequately compensated at my annual review time and happy with my work/life balance. Bob communicated the departments plan. He was committed towards achieving that plan by leading by example. And he was dedicated to the people performing the work. Because of this he was an asset to the company, and the best person I have worked with.

Case study of Starbucks 03055 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case study of Starbucks 03055 - Essay Example Entire study is backed up by relevant case information collected from credible sources. Finally an overall assessment of the company’s strategy has been done highlighting the organizational activities that has lead to the firm’s sustainability and increased competitive advantage. The business pursuit strategy of Starbucks can also be discussed in the light of Porter’s generic strategies. The Porter’s generic strategies highlight a firm’s position in terms of four parameters, cost leadership, cost focus, differentiation and differentiation focus (Porter, 1980). The generic strategies define the nature of business strategy that is most profitable for a business concern. Differentiation strategy is implemented to ensure that an organisation’s product is different from that of its competitors. Differentiation strategy allows an organisation to remain agile in terms of new product development. Innovation is essential for implementation of differentiation strategy. The cost leadership strategy, on the contrary, is mainly about achieving cost advantage in every direction of the business. In cost leadership strategy, a company targets to maximise its profit by minimising its net cost of sales. Focus strategy is not considered as an appropriate competitive strategy as it is focused on a relatively narrow segment of the consumer base. Starbucks as a parent brand has positioned itself to follow differentiation strategy. This can be justified by the company’s high quality product offering of specialty and unique in-store experience (Grant, 2013). This helps Starbucks to distinguish itself from the rival brands. Although the parent company falls in the differentiation segment, however some of the products of Starbucks fall under other categories as well. Starbucks introduced a new brand of instant coffee called VIA which falls under two categories, Cost Leadership and Differentiation. VIA acts as a lower cost alternatives to the highly

Explain the 2 clauses and 3 Key elements Contained in the fourth Essay

Explain the 2 clauses and 3 Key elements Contained in the fourth Amendment that specifically pertains to search and seizure. be - Essay Example As provided by the second clause and explained in the Johnson case a valid search warrant must contain the following requirement: 1.) It must be issued by a neutral and detached magistrate; 2.) there must be presented to the magistrate an adequate showing of probable cause supported by oath or affirmation, usually in the form of an affidavit from a police officer; 3.) the warrant must describe with particularity the place to be searched and the items or persons to be seized. A neutral magistrate as provided in Shadwick v. City of Tampa (1972) must be â€Å"neutral and detached† and â€Å"capable of determining whether probable cause exists for the requested arrest or search.† Probable cause on the other hand means contemplates facts and circumstances within an officer’s personal knowledge that are sufficient â€Å"to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that an offense has been or is being committed.† Carroll v. United States (1925). And the s tandard of particularity as required for a valid warrant that the description be sufficiently precise in so that the officer executing the warrant can â€Å"with reasonable effort ascertain and identify the place intended (Steele v. Unites States [1925]) and that it leaves nothing to the discretion of the officers to inquire further (Marron v. United [1927)]).

Does the constitution of the united states prevent effective Essay

Does the constitution of the united states prevent effective government - Essay Example Carl Friedrich (1965) similarly defined constitution as a system of efficient, regularized restrictions upon government activities. From this point of view, the key attribute of a constitution is its statement of individual rights, particularly those held against the state. Definitely, a bill of rights at the present form parts of almost all written constitutions, the first Bill of Rights included the ten amendments quickly appended to the American Constitution in 1791, covering such liberties as freedom of religion, speech, the press, and the right of the people to bear arms (Lloyd 2006). The second and somewhat neglected role of constitutions is as power maps, defining the structure of government. Constitutions articulate the pathways of power, describing the procedures for making laws and reaching decisions. As Sartori (1994) wisely observes, the defining feature of a constitution is this provision of a frame of government. A constitution devoid of a declaration of rights is still a constitution, but a document lacking a power map is not a constitution. A constitution is therefore a form of political engineering, to be judged like any other construction by how well it survives the test of time. From this perspective, the United States version, still standing firm after more than 200 years, is a triumph. Procedures for amendment are an important component of the constitutional architecture. Most constitutions are rigid or in other words, entrenched, thus rendering them more acceptable to the various interests involved in their construction (Sartori 1994). A rigid constitution offers the general benefit, much prized by liberals, of predictability for those subject to it. An entrenched constitution also limits the damage should political opponents obtain power, for unless they can clear the amendment hurdle they too must abide by the values embedded in the settlement

Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Paper 2 - Essay Example Instructions to be followed by the bidders in terms of submission of documents will be sated. Tender response will compose of all the questions to be asked by the bidders and answerers by the bidder. The tender will compose if the declarations to be signed by the bidders. The certificate of non-alignment will be signed whereby the bidder will declare that he has not merged with any other bidder for the tender. Finally, there will be the draft of the proposed tender. The tender may be restricted, negotiated or open as per the tendering guidelines. Restricted tenders will have a pre-qualifying questionnaire (PQQ) that will cover the organization, financial details, environmental policies, technical information, health and safety policies of the bidder. The PQQ will be done before the invitation to tender (ITT) in the determination of quality and price basis. Any successful bidder should avail all the required information. Moreover, he should appropriately and correctly answer all the questions. Finally, the bidder should return the needed information at the speculated time. Award of the contract will be awarded after weighing several criteria mainly experience, quality, implementation timetable, pricing schedule, tax clearance certificates, financial stability and suitability. Provided that there will be no challenges encountered, the successful; bidder will be awarded after the contact after 10 days. Unsuccessful bidders will be informed with presence or absence of viable reasons as to why they were not considered. Thereafter, the selected bidder will sign a contract as per the tendering documents. The infrastructure strategy has three main parts mainly operating system, hardware and the networks. The strategy should ensure that the organization is provided with high computing and performance power with a strong bandwidth that is achievable at the lowest cost possible (ECU. 2011, p. 1). The application